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Question: What myths about affirmative action do you believe? Myth 1: The only way to create a color-blind society is to adopt color-blind policies. Although this statement sounds intuitively plausible, the reality is that color-blind policies often put racial minorities at a disadvantage. For instance, all else being equal, color-blind seniority systems tend to protect White workers against job layoffs, because senior employees are usually White because of historical discrimination. Likewise, color-blind college admissions favor White students because of their earlier educational advantages. Unless preexisting inequities are corrected or otherwise taken into account, color-blind policies do not correct racial injustice -- they reinforce it. Myth 2: Affirmative action has not succeeded in increasing female and minority representation. Several studies have documented important gains in racial and gender equality as a direct result of affirmative action. For example, according to a report from the U.S. Labor Department, affirmative action has helped 5 million minority members and 6 million White and minority women move up in the workforce. Likewise, a study sponsored by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs showed that federal contractors (who were required to adopt affirmative action goals) added Black and White female officials and managers at twice the rate of non-contractors. There have also been a number of well-publicized cases in which large companies (e.g., AT&T, IBM, Sears Roebuck) increased minority employment as a result of adopting affirmative action policies. Myth 3: Affirmative action may have been necessary 30 years ago, but the playing field is fairly level today. Despite the progress that has been made, the playing field is far from level. Women continue to earn 76 cents for every male dollar. Black people continue to have twice the unemployment rate of White people, largely due to discrimination, according to data gathered by the EEOC. Myth 4: The public doesn't support affirmative action anymore. Public opinion polls suggest that the majority of Americans support affirmative action, especially when the polls avoid an all-or-none choice between affirmative action as it currently exists and no affirmative action whatsoever. For example, a Time/CNN poll found that 80% of the public felt "affirmative action programs for minorities and white women should be continued at some level." What the public opposes are quotas, set-asides, and "reverse discrimination." For instance, when the same poll asked people whether they favored programs "requiring businesses to hire a specific number or quota of minorities and women," 63% opposed such a plan. As these results indicate, most members of the public oppose racial preferences that violate notions of procedural justice -- they do not oppose affirmative action. Myth 5: A large percentage of White workers will lose out if affirmative action is continued. Government statistics do not support this myth. According to the U.S. Commerce Department, there are 1.3 million unemployed Black civilians and 112 million employed White civilians (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000). Thus, even if every unemployed Black worker in the United States were to displace a White worker, only 1% of Whites would be affected. Furthermore, affirmative action pertains only to job-qualified applicants, so the actual percentage of affected Whites would be a fraction of 1%. The main sources of job loss among White workers have to do with factory relocations and labor contracting outside the United States, computerization and automation, and corporate downsizing. Two, are all Whites qualified for the jobs they hold?! No. Myth 6: If Jewish people and Asian Americans can rapidly advance economically, African Americans should be able to do the same. This comparison ignores the unique history of discrimination against Black people in America. As historian Roger Wilkins has pointed out, Blacks have a 375-year history on this continent: 245 involving slavery, 100 involving legalized discrimination, and only 30 involving anything else. Jews and Asians, on the other hand, are populations that immigrated to North America and included doctors, lawyers, professors, and entrepreneurs among their ranks. Moreover, European Jews are able to function as part of the White majority. To expect Blacks to show the same upward mobility as Jews and Asians is to deny the historical and social reality that Black people face. Myth 7: You can't cure discrimination with discrimination. The problem with this myth is that it uses the same word -- discrimination -- to describe two very different things. Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does. The logic of affirmative

Answer: Regarding Myth 1: ---"senior employees are usually White because of historical discrimination." --- I doubt there are the same senior employees as there were 30 years ago, if they're even alive. Many men/women of all races rise the ranks due to hard work and determination (black men/women included). ---"color-blind college admissions favor White students because of their earlier educational advantages" --- This is positively absurd. Public school has made it where all kids can go to school starting at a very young age (kindergarten) and if schooling is bad in that region, it hurts all races and genders, not just one or two particular groups. And things such as AP classes and IB classes in some areas can be achieved by any and all races and genders, they only require hard work (which everyone is fully capable of giving). There should be no advantage given to someone based on race or gender when it comes to college admission (this only hurts and causes tension). To assume that people of different races or genders couldn't achieve the scores and such to get into a college ONLY ON THE BASIS OF their race or gender is highly racist and sexist. People are born with the same opportunity and it is their drive, not their race or gender, which determines their success. Regarding Myth 2: If they (people of any race or gender who were hired) had the qualifications to do the job, then by all means, power to them. Otherwise, and there ARE cases of this "otherwise", it was entirely unfair. People should be able to choose who works for them anyway, as that is an important part of business. This also gives fodder to racist people who apply for a job, but are turned down. This has happened firsthand to my family; people threatened a lawsuit because they weren't hired due to race/gender/whatever, when in fact, they just didn't have the qualifications. Regarding Myth 3: Of course the EEOC will say that (they are a biased, and therefore, unreliable source for statistics). I admit the women earning less thing is important, but it doesn't require affirmative action, it requires women to group together and speak up. The other statistic does not mean people are being discriminatory either. Medicaid and welfare is given to many people, a large percentage of which are black (just matter-of-factly). This kind of action, when given to any race or gender, does not encourage people to work for a living (why should anyone work when they can be given something; there is no incentive). Also, since I I know many blacks specifically ARE employed, the incentive is not there to rise higher maybe due to the added supplement welfare provides. This is true for any race/gender, as evidenced by the USSR and their "community farms" for example. While many people (of all genders and races) can and have risen above this, some are still below. A beautiful thing about America is if there is a will, there is certainly a way. Regarding Myth 4: ---"affirmative action programs for minorities and white women should be continued at some level." --- "at some level" are the key words here. Without specification people can assume anything from almost none in daily life to AA all over the place. In addition, CNN is not a bipartisan news source at all. It is most assuredly liberal. --- "most members of the public oppose racial preferences that violate notions of procedural justice -- they do not oppose affirmative action." --- You are just using fancy words here. Affirmative Action is of course a violation of procedural justice, at least for all those cases when people who satisfy the quota are chosen, even if they are less qualified. For all others reading this: "Procedural justice concerns the fairness of the processes by which decisions are made--as contrasted with the distributive justice (fairness in the distribution of rights or resources) and corrective justice (fairness in the rectification of wrongs). Some theories of procedural justice hold that a fair procedure can render the outcomes it produces just, even if they do not satisfy the requirements of distributive or corrective justice. Distributive justice concerns what is just or right with respect to the allocation of goods (or utility) in a society." (Source: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia… Regarding Myth 5: "Furthermore, affirmative action pertains only to job-qualified applicants, so the actual percentage of affected Whites would be a fraction of 1%." --- "AA pertains only to job-qualified applicants" - You know darn good and well that this is not always true. And why should a competent person who already knows their job requirements and such be replaced with another competent person without such knowledge? If AA suddenly reversed itself, it would not be okay so why should it be considered okay now? ---"Two, are all Whites qualified for the jobs they hold?! No." --- No they may not be in which case the free market system and people's want to profit and do well in business will eventually lead them to abandon these people if they feel it to be necessary. To deliberately force them out would be to abandon the capitalist system. Regarding Myth 6: "Jews and Asians, on the other hand, are populations that immigrated to North America and included doctors, lawyers, professors, and entrepreneurs among their ranks" --- This is the main reason I responded. You should read up on your history. Jews came to America and for over two centuries in some states, they did not even have voting rights (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_… Many also came and rose the ranks through hard work and entrepreneurship (something I might inform you is open to all races and genders, along with every other profession you said). And regarding the Chinese, many were disliked, exploited, and abused upon coming to North America (Ex: the construction of rail roads; major hatred and violence towards them in the gold rushes) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Ch… It is my belief that anyone with enough drive can be successful, as I keep stating. Regarding Myth 7: Just say it how it is. Affirmative Action IS discrimination (n. Treatment or consideration based on class or category rather than individual merit; partiality or prejudice; www.dictionary.com). The specific inclusion of others based on race/gender is the specific exclusion of others based on race/gender. If it's by merit and skill, I have no issue. Otherwise, I have plenty. To include people in a set amount of jobs is to exclude people. As a side note directed to anyone reading this, there is no such thing as "reverse discrimination"; there is only discrimination. Finally, as I have said 10,000 times over, I believe ANYONE of ANY RACE/GENDER (black, white, green, purple, male, female, alien, anyone!) can be successful if they have the willpower. History has shown that people can rise above any roadblocks with enough persistence. Loopholes and cheats (like AA) in the system are an insult to all those who know they CAN AND WILL be successful. You sir, who (as it seems from your previous questions) propogates racism and racist stereotypes, are one of the causes of continuing racism in the US and around the world. I hope that, in time, you can find it within you to view people as just people, not separated by race/gender/religion/anything else. Love, kindness, and knowledge, not "inclusionary" practices, are the ways to "cure society".

 


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