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Hearsay

Hearsay is a statement that is not made in the courtroom and that is presented to the judge as a true statement. Most hearsay cannot be evidence, but there are many exceptions to this rule. These are all covered in sections 801-804 of the Rules of Evidence. There also is a Commentary that explains to some extent how these rules work.

Question: hearsay~~~~? how could hearsay be used to establish probable cause for a search? what are some example? in what situation?

Answer: Hearsay is an extrajudicial (out of court) statement that is offered for its truth. For example, if I rear-end someone and when the first responders open my car door, I blurt out "It was my fault," then, if I for whatever reason tried to fight the case, the plaintiff could offer my statement into evidence. My attorney could then state "Objection, hearsay." Hearsay is the one objection that is waived if you don't explicitly say "hearsay" as part of the objection. Of course, in this case, the plaintiff's attorney would respond "Res Gestae" or "excited utterance," which is one of the most popular hearsay exceptions. Exceptions are rules that allow hearsay evidence to be received even though it's hearsay. Closely related are those special cases where the "hearsay" is not offered for its truth, but to show something else, such as the speaker's state of mind. Now as to supporting a warrant: the affiant who swears out the warrant is almost always basing his affidavit on hearsay. If you read the affidavit, it almost always begins (after the preliminaries, such as "I am a cop, shield # whatsis,") with the statement "Affiant is informed by <name of person>, whom he believes to be reliable, that there are 500 kilos of cocaine in the house located at X address." Or, more likely, that he is informed by confidential informant #X, who has provided information as to the location of drug stashes at least Y# of times accurately in the past six months, with no false reports." Why? Because the search warrant is not a trial by jury! The rules of evidence apply with full force to a jury trial, but for other proceedings, the rules of evidence are purely ones of relevance, and a judge can accept whatever evidence he wishes "for what it is worth." At the suppression hearing, counsel for the defense can try to undermine the probable cause for the warrant, or to show that the search went beyond the warrant, but the hearsay nature of the affidavit used to procure the warrant is a given.

 


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